Indo-European etymology : Query result

Proto-IE: *twenk-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to squeeze

Old Indian: tvanakti `to contract'

Avestan: ? ɵwązǰaiti `Gerät in Bedrängnis' (< -zǵh- < -g'h+sk-)

Old Greek: att. sáttō, ion. sássō (aor. ésaksa, ion. ésasa), ptc. saktós 'ausrüsten, bewaffen; anfüllen, feststopfen'

Baltic: *tweñk- vb. tr., *twank-ā̂ f., *twank-u- adj., *twiñk- vb. intr.

Germanic: *ɵwing-á- vb., *ɵwing-ō- vb.; *ɵwang-á- m., *ɵwang-í- c.; *ɵū́x-ia- vb.

Russ. meaning: сжимать, сдавливать

References: WP I 748 f (different in Pok. 1080-1085, 1098, 1099-1100)

Proto-IE: *twerǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to keep, to hold, to fence

Old Greek: soró-s f. `Graburne, Sarg', sei̯rǟ́ (dor. sērá Gramm.) `Seil, Strick, Schlinge, Lasso', {serís `belt' (Hsch.) - not found!}

Slavic: *tvorī́tī

Baltic: *twer̂- (2) vb. tr., *twar-a- c., -ā̂ f., *twēr-iā̃ f., *twar-tl-a- m., *twar-s-l-a- c., *twār-ā̂ f., *twir̂-t-a- adj., *tur-ē̂- vb.

Russ. meaning: держать, обвязывать, огораживать

References: WP I 750 f

Proto-IE: *tweskʷ-

Meaning: desert, barren

Old Indian: tuccha- `empty, vain, small, little, trifling'

Avestan: tausǝn 'verlieren (die Fassung)', caus. taošayeiti 'macht los, lässt los'; Pashto taṣ̌ 'leer'

Slavic: *tъščь(jь), *tъščetā

Baltic: *tu(k)š-t-ia- adj., *tu(k)š-ia- adj., *tū̂(k)š-ia- adj. (2)

Latin: tesqua, -ōrum pl. n. `Einöden, düstere Gegenden'

Russ. meaning: пустынный, бесплодный

References: WH

Proto-IE: *twey-

Meaning: to shake, to push, to frighten

Old Indian: tveṣati, aor. 3 pl. átviṣur, átviṣanta, pf. titviṣé `to be violently agitated, moved, excited, troubled'; tveṣá- `vehement, impetuous, awful'; tviṣ-, tvíṣi- f. `violent agitation, vehemence'

Avestan: ptc. ɵwyañt- `Furcht erweckend', upā-ɵwayeiti `fürchtet sich, ängstigt sich', ɵwyā `Schrecknis, Gefahr', ɵwayas- n. `id.', ɵwaēša- m. `Furcht, Angst'

Old Greek: séi̯ō (ep. epi-sséi̯ō), aor. ptc. siónta, pass. sei̯sthē̂nai̯, pf. med. sései̯smai̯, va. sei̯stó- `schütteln, schwinge, erschüttere'; sêi̯sis f. `das Schütteln', seismó-s m. `Erschütterung, Erdbeben, Erpressung', dorü-ssóo-; sêi̯stro-n n. `Klapper', séi̯stǟ-s m. Art Erdbeben

Russ. meaning: трясти, толкать, пугать

References: WP I 748

Proto-IE: *tyegʷ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to escape

Old Indian: tyajati `to leave, abandon, quit', ptc. tyakta-; tyaktar- `abandoner'; tyájas- n. `abandonment, difficulty, danger'; tyāgá- m. `leaving, abandoning, quitting'

Avestan: iɵayaǰah-, iɵyeǰah- n. `Not, Gefahr'

Old Greek: sébomai̯, sébō, aor. pass. sephthē̂nai̯, va. septó- `sich scheuen, sich schämen', nachhom. `Erfurcht haben, verehren'; sébas n. `(heilige) Scheu, Staunen, Verehrung, Gegenstand der Sche, der Verehrung'; eu̯-sebḗs `gottesfürchtig, fromm'; séberos = eusebḗs, díkaios Hsch.; semnó- `ehrwürdig, verehrt, heilig, vornehm'; sobéō `verscheuchen, wegjagen', intr. `stolz einherschreiten, stolzieren', pass. `aufgeregt sein'; sobaró- `heftig dahinfarend'

Russ. meaning: бежать от страха

References: WP I 746

Proto-IE: *ub-

Meaning: to drive, to press

Old Indian: ubjáti 'to press down, keep under, subdue'

Avestan: ubǰyāite 'wird niedergedrückt (auf der Waage)'

Old Greek: hǘbri-s, gen. -eōs f. 'wanton violence (arising from the pride of strength or from passion), insolence; outrage'

Baltic: *ū̃b-ī- (*ū̃b-ija-) vb.

Russ. meaning: гнать, теснить

References: Fraenkel 1156

Proto-IE: *udr-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: otter

Old Indian: udrá- m. `a k. of aquatic animal, otter'; Vaygali wacakok 'Otter'

Avestan: udra- 'Otter', Osset wyrd, urdä 'Otter'

Old Greek: hǘdro-s m. `Wasserschlange, Coluber nutrix', hǘdrǟ f. `Wasserschlange'

Slavic: *vɨ̄́drā

Baltic: *ū̂dr-ā̂ (1?) f., *ū̂dr-a-, -ia- (2?) m.

Germanic: *utr-a- m.

Latin: lutra f. `Fischotter'

Celtic: *udro- `Ottenfarbe' > Ir odar `dunkelfärbig, braun'

Russ. meaning: зверек (выдра)

References: WP I 252 f

Proto-IE: *uks-

Meaning: bull, ox

Tokharian: A ops-, B okso `Rind, Stier' (PT *okso) (Adams 111)

Old Indian: ukṣán- m. `ox, bull'

Avestan: uxšan- 'Stier'

Germanic: *uxs-an- m., pl. *uxs-n-iz; *uxs-u- m.

Celtic: PBrit *uksō > *uchū, -ī: Cymr ych `Ochse', MCymr pl. ychen `Ochsen', NCymr pl. ychain `Ochsen', Bret pl. ouhen, oc'hen `Ochsen', pl. ohan `Ochsen'

Russ. meaning: скот (бык, вол)

References: WP I 248 f

Proto-IE: *uluw-/*ulul-

Meaning: owl

Old Indian: úlūka- m. `owl' (? cf. ululí- m. 'an outcry indicative of prosperity' )

Baltic: ? *ul̂-d-ā̂ f. (1), *ul-en̂- vb., *ū̆l-in-ā̂- vb.

Latin: ulucus, -ī m. `Kauz, Eule, Strix flammea L.'; ulula f. 'Kauz, Käuzchen'

Russ. meaning: птица (сова)

References: WH, Fraenkel 1161 f

Proto-IE: *upo

Meaning: prep./adv.: over

Old Indian: úpa prv., prp. 'towards, near to, by the side of etc.'; upamá- 'uppermost, highest'; upári 'above, upon, on'; úpara- 'situated below, under; later; nearer'

Avestan: upa prv., prp. 'hin--zu, in, auf; bei, in'; upǝma- 'der oberste'; upairi 'über, über--hin, über--hinaus usw.'; upara- der obere'

Other Iranian: OPers upā prv., prp. 'hin--zu, in, auf; bei, in'; upariy 'über, über--hin, über--hinaus usw.'

Armenian: i ver 'hinauf, oben', i veroy 'ob, oberhalb, i veray 'darüber, darauf'

Old Greek: hǘpato- 'der höchste, erste', hǘpio- 'zurückgelenkt, rücklings', hǘpsio-; hǘper, hüpér prv. 'über, über--hinaus', prp. 'über--hin, oberhalb, über--hinaus usw.'; hǘpero- 'Mörserkeule', hüpérā 'oberes Seil'

Slavic: *vɨ̄sokъ(jь), *vɨ̄sītī

Germanic: Got uf (ub-uh) prf. 'auf', prp. 'unter' usw.,, OHG ūf, ūfan; OSax uppa, up, OE uppe, up, OIsl upp 'auf', Got iup 'aufwärts'; OE ufema, yfemest 'der höchste, oberste'; *ubari, *uberi prv., prp.; *ubarō adv., comp. OE yferra, sup. yfemest < *ubirizō

Latin: super prv., prp. 'über, drüber'; super, superus 'der obere'

Other Italic: Osk supruis 'superis'; Umbr super prv., prp. 'über, drüber',

Celtic: OIr for-, for prv., prp. 'über, auf', Cymr gor-, gwar-, Corn gor-, Bret gour-, Gall uer-tragus 'ine Artchnelliger Hunde', Vercingetorix

Russ. meaning: над

References: WP I 192 f

Comments: + *upes-, *ups-, *oups-, *oup(s)tr-

Proto-IE: *ū-

Meaning: louse

Old Indian: yūkā f., yūka m., Pali ūkā- `louse'

Baltic: *u-t-i- c., *u-t-iā̃ f.

Russ. meaning: насекомое (вошь)

References: WP II 443

Comments: Lith vievesà `Gans-, Viehlaus', dial. víevesa, vīvēsà, veĩvēsa, vievisa `id.', víevasa `Vogellaus' + Slav *vъšь < *wes-/*us-, a different root.

Proto-IE: *ūd-

Meaning: up, over (prep./adv. )

Old Indian: ud- prv. 'up, upon, over', comp. úttara- 'upper', sup. uttamá- `uppermost'; ucca- 'high, lofty, tall'

Avestan: us-, uz- empor, hinaus, hinaus; usča 'oben; nach oben'

Other Iranian: OPers us- 'empor, hinaus'

Old Greek: hǘ-bris (-br- < *gʷr-), hǘstriks 'Stachelschwein', hǘsplēks 'Schnellholz in der Tierfalle', cypr. ǘkhēro-s 'Aufgeld', = att. tà epíkhẹ̄ra, cypr. ü-eu̯ksámenos = epeu̯ksámenos; hǘstero- 'der spätere', hǘstato-

Slavic: *vъz- prf., *vъz(ъ) prp.; *vъnъ 'hinaus', loc. *vъnē 'draussen'

Baltic: *ū̆ǯ

Germanic: *ūt; *uz

Latin: ūsque 'in einem fort, ununterbrochen von---her od. bis--hin'

Russ. meaning: на, над

References: WP I 189 f

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